Understand the relationship
The reasoning behind the result
Frame determines every codon boundary
codon k uses bases f+3k+1 through f+3k+3
Offsets zero, one and two create the three forward frames. The workbench never searches for the most plausible frame when one is selected.
Bases before the offset and incomplete trailing bases are disclosed rather than padded.
The genetic code is table specific
NCBI table 1 maps 61 codons to amino acids and three to termination. Other nuclear, mitochondrial and organism-specific codes can differ.
This route intentionally implements only the named standard table and does not infer a code from taxonomy.
Ambiguity can be resolvable or unresolved
An IUPAC codon expands to a finite set. If every represented standard codon encodes the same amino acid, that amino acid is retained; otherwise X records the unresolved translation.
No most-likely base or amino acid is selected.
Translation arithmetic is not gene annotation
AUG at the first translated position is reported but does not establish biological initiation. Kozak context, alternative starts, recoding, editing, splicing and translational exceptions remain external.
A peptide string does not establish that a protein is expressed or functional.
Follow the numbers
Translate a complete frame-one record
- The entered mRNA is 5′-AUGGCUUUCUAAAG-3′.
- Frame +1 starts at base 1 and leaves two trailing bases after four complete codons.
- AUG, GCU and UUC encode M, A and F under table 1.
- UAA is the first in-frame termination codon.
- Stop-first mode reports peptide MAF and retains the stop and trailing AG in the ledger.
The peptide belongs to the entered frame and code table; initiation, processing and expression are not inferred.
Quick guide
How to use this calculator
- Confirm that the input is mature mRNA written 5′→3′ and choose the externally established frame.
- Choose whether translation stops at the first termination codon or displays all complete codons.
- Inspect codon positions, X residues, stops and trailing bases before using the peptide record.
Calculation method
Calculation and interpretation
Make frame, trailing bases, stop codons and unresolved codons visible instead of returning an unexplained peptide string.
Read complete triplets from the selected offset; translate with NCBI genetic code table 1; an ambiguous codon is resolved only when all represented codons encode the same amino acid.
Worked example
Translate a complete frame-one record
The peptide belongs to the entered frame and code table; initiation, processing and expression are not inferred.
Read complete triplets from the selected offset; translate with NCBI genetic code table 1; an ambiguous codon is resolved only when all represented codons encode the same amino acid.
Supported inputs
Precision and limits
Standard code table 1
Alternative genetic codes and translational exceptions are not available in this workflow.
Frame is entered
The calculator does not infer a coding frame, start site, exon structure or mature transcript.
Ambiguity stays explicit
X means the represented codons do not share one table-1 translation.
No biological initiation claim
A first AUG, stop-free segment or long peptide does not establish a coding sequence or expression.
Numerical support
One sequence of up to 30,000 RNA symbols is retained, giving at most 10,000 complete codon rows.
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